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Wolf's Head Society is a senior society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America. Membership recomposes annually with fifteen or sixteen Yale University students, with rare exceptions typically rising seniors. The delegation spends its year together answerable to the Phelps Association, composed of past members. The society was founded when fifteen rising seniors from the Yale Class of 1884, with help from members of the Yale Class of 1883 who were considered publicly possible taps for the older societies, chose to abet the creation of The Third Society. The society changed its name to Wolf's Head five years later.〔Andrews, John. ''History of the founding of Wolf's Head'', Lancaster Press, 1934. Phelps Trust Association archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University.〕 Over 300 Yale College alumni and some Yale Law School faculty joined the fellowship in part to counter the dominance of Skull and Bones Society in undergraduate and university affairs.〔〔Phelps Association membership directory, 2006.〕 The founding defeated the last attempt to abolish secret or senior societies at Yale University. The tradition continued of creating and sustaining a society if enough potential members thought they had been overlooked: Bones was organized in 1832 after a dispute over selections for Phi Beta Kappa awards; Scroll and Key Society, the second society at Yale, was organized in 1841 after a dispute over elections to Bones. The Third Society's founding was motivated in part by the sentiment among some outsiders that they deserved insider status. "() certain limited number were firmly convinced that there had been an appalling miscarriage of justice in their individual omission from the category of the elect," some founders agreed.〔〔("Changes in Skull and Bones, Famous Yale Society Doubles Size of its House - Addition a Duplicate of Old Building" ). ''New York Times''. September 13, 1903. p. 22.〕〔Oren, Dan. ''Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale'', Second Edition. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2000. pp. 332-333. ISBN 0-300-08468-4.〕 The society remains relevant among contemporary undergraduates.〔http://www.yaledailynews.com/weekend/2013/05/.../dear-wolf's-head/〕 ==Antecedents== Before the founding at Yale of the Alpha chapter, in 1780, of Phi Beta Kappa in Connecticut (the second chapter established after that society's founding in 1776) Yale College students established and joined literary societies.〔http://www.yale.edu/pbk/chapter history.html〕 By the 1830s, the campus literary societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and Calliope had lost stature. Calliope folded in 1853, and the others shut down after the American Civil War.〔''Secrets of the Tomb'', pp. 36, 38.〕 Calliope, Linonia, and Brothers in Unity existed respectively: 1819-1853, 1768-1878, and 1735-1868. From the mid-1840s until 1883, several societies were started, but all failed to sustain the interest of Academical Department, or liberal arts, students at Yale College.〔Robbins, Alexandra. ''Secrets of the tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths to Power''. Back Bay Books, New York and Boston, pp. 61-62. ISBN 0-316-73561-2.〕 Star and Dart, Sword and Crown, Tea-Kettle, Spade and Grave, and E.T.L. disbanded.〔Andrews, p. 75.〕 Phi Beta Kappa was inactive at Yale from 1871 to 1884.〔''Joining the Club''. p. 22.〕 In the 1820s, Anti-Masonic agitation across the United States of America prompted PBK to examine the role of secrecy in its proceedings. Secrecy was soon shelved at the Yale chapter. Associated with PBK's national reorganization in 1881, secrecy disappeared as a signature among all chapters, quelling rivalry with collegiate fraternities, clubs and societies.〔(Phi Beta Kappa - History ). Pennsylvania State University.〕 PBK exists today, without any secrecy, as an academic honor society. Beginning in the 1850s the Yale undergraduate student body grew more diverse. The college was becoming an institution of national rather than regional importance. Students who hailed from environs beyond New England or who were not Congregationalist or Presbyterian entered the college in large numbers.〔Stephenson, Louise L. ''Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Haven Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America''.The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, p. 64. ISBN 0-8018-2695-0.〕 The faculty was dominated by alumni of Bones, numbering four out of five faculty members between 1865 and 1916. Bones alumni were university secretaries from 1869 to 1921. Bones alumni were university treasurers for forty-three of the forty-eight years between 1862 - 1910.〔''Secrets of the Tomb''. pp. 48, 50, 127.〕〔''Joining the Club.'' p. 26.〕 In 1873, ''The Iconoclast'', a student paper published once, 13 October, advocated for the abolition of the society system. It opined: "Out of every class Skull and Bones takes its men...They have obtained control of Yale. Its business is performed by them. Money paid to the college must pass into their hands, and be subject to their will....It is Yale College against Skull and Bones!! We ask all men, as a question of right, which should be allowed to live?"〔Andrews, p. 39.〕〔Karabel, Jerome. ''The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton''. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York, 2005. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-618-57458-2.〕 The Class of 1884 agreed to support another revolt against the society system with a vote of no confidence to coincide with its graduation. It had been understood that the society system was beyond reform and might well be abolished. A spirited defense of the society system appeared in the May 1884 issue of ''The New Englander'', authored and published respectively by members of Scroll and Key. Several periodicals reported regularly on the situation.〔Andrews, pp. 58-61.〕 However, The Third Society had been incorporated in 1883, continuing a tradition among undergraduates of complaining about the societies but joining or establishing one if the opportunity opened. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wolf's Head (secret society)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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